#Torrent the invasion 1997 free#
#Torrent the invasion 1997 torrent#

Amongst next generation sequencing techniques, Roche 454 pyrosequncing has been primarily used for 16S rRNA-based microbial community studies due to its longer average sequence length вЂ“. Next generation sequencing techniques have been developed over the last decade such as Roche 454 pyrosequencing and Solexa/Illumina sequencing, which enabled us to capture the diversity of microbial communities from various environments вЂ“. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Д¬ompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.ДЇunding: This project was funded by the Environmental Protection Agency under grant GL00E00444-0.

#Torrent the invasion 1997 free#

This is an open-access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. Received: FebruAccepted: AugPublished: September 15, 2014 PLoS ONE 9(9):Д®ditor: Jack Anthony Gilbert, Argonne National Laboratory, United States of America

#Torrent the invasion 1997 torrent#

(2014) Application of Ion Torrent Sequencing to the Assessment of the Effect of Alkali Ballast Water Treatment on Microbial Community Diversity.

This study showed the efficacy of alkali ballast water treatment in reducing ballast water microbial diversity and demonstrated the application of new Ion Torrent sequencing techniques to microbial community studies.Д¬itation: Fujimoto M, Moyerbrailean GA, Noman S, Gizicki JP, Ram ML, Green PA, et al. The community assembly obtained using Ion Torrent sequencing was comparable to that obtained from a subset of samples that were also subjected to 454 pyrosequencing. The only apparent difference in microbial community structure between PMA-processed and non-PMA samples occurred in intake water samples, which exhibited a significantly higher amount of PMA-sensitive cyanobacteria/chloroplast 16S rRNA than their corresponding non-PMA total DNA samples. After NaOH treatment, bacteria from the genus Alishewanella became dominant in the NaOH-treated samples, accounting for <0.5% of the total reads in intake samples but more than 50% of the reads in the treated discharge samples. UniFrac distance based principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) plots and UPGMA tree analysis revealed that NaOH-treated ballast water microbial communities differed from both intake communities and control discharge communities. Rarefaction analysis of the Ion Torrent sequencing data showed that BWT using NaOH significantly decreased microbial community diversity relative to control discharge (p<0.001). Ion Torrent sequencing generated nearly 580,000 reads for 31 bar-coded samples and revealed alterations of the microbial community structure in ballast water that had been treated with NaOH. One set of duplicates was treated with the membrane-impermeable DNA cross-linking reagent propidium mono-azide (PMA) prior to PCR amplification to differentiate between live and dead microorganisms. Ballast water samples from a Great Lakes ship were collected from the intake and discharge of both control and NaOH (pH 12) treated tanks and were analyzed in duplicates. The impact of NaOH as a ballast water treatment (BWT) on microbial community diversity was assessed using the 16S rRNA gene based Ion Torrent sequencing with its new 400 base chemistry.